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Blue colored fabric was expensive at the time when most people were dressed in earth tomes. We care about our planet! Each style had its own characteristics that contributed to the development of the Gothic era and its place within Western civilization. These monarchies also facilitated the spread of the Gothic style throughout Europe. The rise of urban life was simultaneous with the rise of intellectual life. The Gothic period started mainly with the evolution of architecture. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE (Timeline) . Gothic architecture utilized the cruciform layout, also with a west-facing entrance. The Sainte-Chapelle cathedral is among one of the finest examples of Gothic architecture. Starting around the 14th century, European thinkers, writers and artists began to look back and celebrate the art and culture of ancient Greece and Rome. It lasted until the 15th Century, merging into the beginning of the Renaissance. In addition to building structures, religious frescoes and mosaics dominated church interiors. This was probably borrowed from Islamic architecture. The basilica grew from only a small chapel built in honor of Saint-Denis to becoming the burial space for the remains of kings and royal family members. T he Romanesque period in Europe's history started around the mid-10th century CE until the 12th Century CE. The Sainte-Chapelle, dedicated on April 26, 1248, was built by Saint Louis to accommodate the relics of the crucifixion. This was an important concept for him to materialize within the designs of the cathedral. It was a French-born artistic movement that produced a wide range of artistic works, but is best known for its fashions and innovative and unique architectural style. William the Conqueror is crowned King William I of England on Christmas Day. Maps show the locations of castles, abbeys and cathedrals in England, Scotland and Wales. The novel, whose lead character is a young girl obsessed by Gothic stories, contains direct references to The Mysteries of Udolpho and The Monk. The resources necessary for finishing them were provided by all social classes. This style was named after the effects of the rays of the sunlight through the rose windows. Each country developed Gothic styles (or regional styles) in their unique ways, possibly too diverse and broad to condense into one article. Several distinct features include flying buttresses, stained glass windows (specifically the rose windows), rib vaulting, piers, spires, and a general focus on more verticality in the interior and exteriors, which made the cathedrals appear as if it was monumental and reaching up to the heavens. Pointed arches were created by moving rounded Roman arches upward. During the medieval period or the Middle Ages from roughly 500 A.D. to approximately 1400, is when musical notation began as well as . The yearly retelling of the story of exodus during the Seder is to recognize history and bring the story to life for both the teller and the listener. A two-page timeline of Gothic literature, covering typical texts and context. Below, we discuss each style in more depth as well as popular cathedrals and Gothic artworks. Plate tracery originated as far back as the Byzantine architectural designs and influenced the Gothic style. Trade guilds controlled the production and sale of goods and services. Heidelberg Castle by Goutamkhandelwal Timeline 476 - The fall of the Roman Empire. Edgar Allen Poe. Christ appears to be an old-man baby. On publication The Vampyre is incorrectly attributed to Byron instead of Polidori, to the annoyance of both writers, but the novel is a success and sparks a craze for similar vampire tales. Medieval Period. Gothic Fiction in Historical Context Last Updated: Nov 27, 2022 12:46 PM . It examines how themes and tren. Suger expanded and opened the interior of the church using different methods. Gothic Fiction from the 18th Century to the Romantics, Biographies, Criticism & Other Supplemental Information, https://researchguides.library.tufts.edu/GothicFiction, The Rise of Gothic Fiction in England & the United States, English Gothic Writers from the 18th Century to the Romantics, American Gothic Writers from the 18th Century to the Romantics, English Gothic Writers of the Victorian Era, American Gothic Writers of the Victorian Era. It also set the foundations for Pre-Renaissance painting. GOTHIC 1100 to 1450 AD. In France, the Burgundian School built monuments , preceded by imposing porches and covered with a rich sculpture (Cluny). Gothic religious imagery evolved to incorporate more subjects from the natural world. . The western European. Get the latest information and tips about everything Art with our bi-weekly newsletter, Whats in a Name? $('.chk_timeline_types:checked').each(function(elem) { Rulers He trained the next popular painter of this school, Simone Martini, and Pietro and Ambrogio Lorenzetti (two brothers). The title of this stained-glass panel, in vibrant blues, reds, purples and white. English author Horace Walpole provides an early taste of Gothic thrills in his novel Castle of Otranto, US author Charles Brockden Brown publishes Wieland, the first of four novels setting Gothic romance in an American context, Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus, a Gothic tale about giving life to an artificial man, The Kings Free School is established in a small Gothic building near the pond, with George IV as a major subscriber, New St Mary's Church opens, designed by Edward Lapidge, in white brick with stone dressings in Gothic revival style and with sqare pinnacled tower at the west end, English architect and designer Augustus Welby Pugin plays a major part in the second stage of the Gothic Revival, The architect Charles Barry employs Pugin to design the Gothic detail required in the competition to build the new House of Parliament, Charles Barry wins the competition to design the new Houses of Parliament, Work begins on Charles Barry's spectacular design for London's new Houses of Parliament, Charles Barry, by John Prescott Knight (National Portrait Gallery, London). When Louis VIII died from dysentery in 1226, she ruled as regent because Louis IX was just 12 years old. . We will notice various decorative elements on the architectural structures, namely, the fleur-de-lys along the balustrade. Duccio di Buoninsegna was known as the Father of Sienese Painting as he was a pioneer within this school. A Concise Timeline of Western Art History Click on the genres below to learn more about key characteristics and leading contributors of Western art's pivotal periods. The Hours of Jeanne dEvreux, Queen of France, circa 1324 28; The Sienese School of Painting (c. 1250 1500). Some of his more notable works include the Hours of Jeanne dEvreux (1324 to 1328) and Bellville Breviary (1326). The medieval period of India stretched from the collapse of the Gupta Empire in the late 500s to the beginning of the Mughal Empire in 1526. . 919 AD- Henry 1 assumes the throne becoming the founder of the medieval German State. 1066 410 Medieval The Medieval period or Middle Ages begins with the Norman invasion and ends with the dissolution of the monasteries. It lasted until the 16thCentury CE. Giorgio Vasari, an Italian-born artist, historian, writer, and engineer was from the Renaissance period and wrote one of the seminal texts on art history during his time, titledLives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects(it is otherwise known by The Lives) in 1550. The Christians also took part in it providing their free work force on construction sites and contributing financially as well. In European history, the Middle Ages or Medieval Period began in the 5th Century with the fall of the Roman Empire. Light There was a new focus on geometry of the building, through which it approximates Heaven. What made the paintings of Duccio di Buoninsegna popular was his unique compositions coupled with golden backgrounds and decorations. Yet, along the Rhine the churches are severe, massive buildings with multiple towers. Bram Stokers iconic vampire is introduced. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Apocalypse is last book of the Christian bible, often called Revelations. Purporting to be translated from an earlier manuscript, The Castle of Otranto introduces what have become classic Gothic devices, such as a foreign location, a dark and ominous castle and a nave young woman fleeing from an evil, lustful man. Prehistory Mesopotamia 3500 BC - 559 BC % complete Prehistory 3500 BC - 300 % complete Start of . This is nicknamed the Royal Portal because the jamb figures depict Old Testament royalty and therefore the relatives of Christ. Dracula (1897), by Bram Stoker 1750 1775 1925 Gothic Timeline Light in August (1932), by William Faulkner 1950 1859: Charles Darwn publishes On the Origin of Species. Because it was so long, music historians split into three sub-periods: the early medieval period (500-1150), the high medieval period (1150-1300), and the late medieval period (1300-1400). Church remained the chief patron of the arts. Two Jewish men identified with conical hats, turn their body away from the priest. The International Gothic style consisted mostly of Gothic painting, decorative arts, and sculptures made for the royal courts. While not the first satire of Gothic to be published The New Monk (1798) and The Heroine (1813) were among a number preceding it Northanger Abbey is perhaps the most memorable of the genre. One of the most famous Gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages 1166: Stefan Nemanja united Serbian territories, establishing the Medieval Serbian state. Status It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. To understand this, let us discuss the origins of Gothic architecture. Rice's vampire couple, introspective, guilt-ridden narrator Louis and charismatic, amoral anti-hero Lestat are far removed from the traditional idea of the vampire. There would also be Gothic statues and artworks for these purposes. The Castle of Otranto: The first Gothic novel, The Mysteries of Udolpho: The dawn of female Gothic, The Vampyre: Birth of the tale in English, Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus: Raising the dead, Northanger Abbey: Austen plays with Gothic, Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque: Psychological terror, The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: Anticipating Freud, Dracula: The vampires vampire lands at Whitby, Interview with the Vampire: Sensitive blood-suckers. Originating in 12th century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ("French . The Timeline of the early Middle Ages starts in 1066 with the Battle of Hastings and the Norman Conquest and ends in 1485 with the death of King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. The barrel vaulting also rested on round columns adding to a bulkier and weighty appearance within the church. $('#timeline_types_input').attr('value',timelineTypesChecked.join(',')); The collection includes Poes famous story The Fall of the House of Usher, which charts the descent of Roderick Usher into madness through fear. The influence of the Christian religion in art and the triumph of Christianity throughout the Middle Ages could be measured by the number of buildings constructed for worship .To welcome an increasing number faithful, encourage pilgrimage and show its power, the Church built larger places of worship and adjusted the inner space by adding at first side-aisles and an ambulatory followed by radial chapels behind the choir. When we look at the Chartres Cathedral, considered a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, its structure is in the typical cruciform plan inherent of the Gothic style. and Saint-Denis of Paris between two angels, west portals of Notre-Dame de Paris; A postcard depicting the Basilica of Saint-Denis; The interior of the Basilica of Saint-Denis; Stained glass detail of a window in the Basilica of Saint-Denis; Late (High) Gothic Style (c. 1200 1375). Her retelling of traditional childrens stories exposes some of the major Gothic themes, including incest, violence and the objectification of women. A large number of inventions came to be during the medieval period. The Sienese School of Painting was one of the most prominent painting schools within the Gothic era, having drawn influence from the above-mentioned International style. Bettmann Archive/Getty Images. Two columns of work are read from the top left to bottom left, then from top right to bottom right. jsQueue(()=>{ The ceilings were initially made of wood. The rounded arches were bulkier in appearance and surrounded by thicker walls to support the outward pressure of the arch and barrel vaulting above. Jomon Period (Japan). The Lives included extensive information about the Italian Renaissance including biographies of some of the popular Renaissance artists. The Barbarous German Style. He writes The Vampyre, the first vampire story to be written in English. The Gothic style also created a completely new, open, slim-lined version of a cathedral merely evident by the varying thicknesses of columns reaching as high up into the heavens as possible (quite literally and figuratively). For in them is filled up the wrath of God.. Church goers entered the cathedral through the middle doors to attend mass. It has two levels. The portals below are covered with sculpture. The novel brings many traditional elements of Gothic together, while turning the process of reading itself into a labyrinth with convoluted footnotes, different typefaces, elaborate arrangements of text on the page, and passages in code, mirror writing, musical notation and Braille. timelineTypesChecked.push(this.value); Paris, France. This style also included two sub-styles, namely the Rayonnant and Flamboyant styles. Her left hand holds an open book which says, Every valley shall be fille. This is in reference to Luke 3:5 about clearing the way for Christs love. This was aimed to convince Christian readers that Jews were once Gods people, but medieval Jews no longer were. This collapse was limited to Western Rome, which was the actual seat of ancient Rome. tl_categories_checked(); Bibles were rare and expensive. Here's a list of ages within the Medieval period of history: The Byzantine Empire (395 CE - 1453). Medieval Inventions List. . 1163: The first cornerstone is laid for the construction of Notre Dame de Paris. The Gothic cathedrals did not seem to share the same classical ideals of symmetry and beauty so widely seen in Classical architecture and so the name Gothic was given in a deprecatory manner only during the 1500s. The wall is separated into frames and has scenes from the life of Christ and the Last Judgment. Read about our approach to external linking. The art of stained glass also appeared in the 12th century reflecting a spiritual intention to offer the faithful the feeling of entering a sacred space bathed in a divine light, and to educate the illiterate masses on the stories of the Old/New Testament. Suger started with the west-facing facade of the church: This was the location of the front door, which was only one door at the time before reconstruction. Statue from the collection of Polish National Museum in Warsaw;Autor nieznany / Reprodukcja cyfrowa wykonana przez Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie z egzemplarza pochodzcego ze zbiorw MN w Warszawie., CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. and Saint-Denis of Paris between two angels, west portals of Notre-Dame de Paris;Jebulon, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. Central panel of the Maest, 13081311, by Duccio di Buoninsegna. This suggests comparisons between people and events in the Biblical world with the medieval world. Peake's epic trilogy for adults introduces the castle-kingdom of Gormenghast, an exaggerated, baroque, stylised world that merges Gothic and fantasy literature inspiring future generations of children's writers. Blanche and Louis, in similar architectural frames, are a monk and a scribe. The triforium, on second story cannot, unlike a gallery, be occupied. This is significant as royal women were often portrayed as higher status, especially due to the higher status given to the Virgin Mary in art. Therefore, we will start this section with a series of web tutorials on the history of the Middle Ages. He also portrayed his human figures (also understood as iconography) in an innovative and stylistic manner, which many describe as coming from the new perspectives in humanity from the Franciscan and Dominican orders. During the Gothic period, bookmaking shifted from monasteries shut off from the world to urban workshops of professional artists for patrons that included the royal family, scholars, and merchants. Jun 29, 1100, Gothic Art spread around May 29, 1400, International Gothic developed Dec 31, 1500, Gothic Art is Carrying on Mar 19, 1100, The earliest gothic art Apr 29, 1600, Christian to gothic art Apr 29, 1145, Gothic Art on catherdrals Apr 29, 1574, Gothic Art and Gothic Architeture Apr 29, 1200, Gothic Art evoloved Biblical The cathedral holds a Marian Devotion, or the Gothic fascination with Mary. In general, saints who were decapitated were depicted holding their own heads, known as cephalophores. The Late or High Gothic style emerged during the 1200s until around 1375. c. 995 CE The Battle of Maldon composed. Art is a continuous process of exploration, where more recent periods grow out of existing ones. Above these sits a large rose window with a balustrade above it and an oculus window just below a towering spire. The Gothic period was right on the cusp of one of the most world-changing periods in Western civilization, the Renaissance, where the Late Gothic styles blended into what many refer to as the Pre-Renaissance period. Duccio mainly worked with egg tempera on wood. Useful overview for teacher and student and gives them a sense of Gothic literature as a whole. Prehistoric Art ~40,000-4,000 B.C. The utilization of more windows was a complete shift from Romanesque architecture that only included sparse space for windows. This prompted the rise of urban commerce and a more complex social structure that included merchants and artisans. Piers were also put in place to support the downward force from the vaulting (vaulting was made from stone, which made it heavier). One of his famous artworks includes the Maest Altarpiece (1311), which was done for the Siena Cathedral as different paintings for the altarpiece. This paves the way for the brooding romantic vampire found in modern popular culture, such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer, True Blood and Stephanie Meyers Twilight novels. There is a white dove over Mary that extends three rays of light towards Marys halo. The International Style occurred in different countries, such as France, Burgandy, and mainly Italy. The Notre Dameis French for Our Lady of Paris and was built in honor of the Virgin Mother Mary. God and his angels bless the scene from above. This pose was familiar to many as that of the Virgin Mary and Christ, who were often enthroned side by side. All-in-all, Gothic architecture borrowed foundational stylistic elements from the Romanesque period. Part 1 -- Medieval European history Before beginning to analyze technology that developed during the Middle Ages, it is helpful to understand the time period. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Most of the population of Europe was illiterate at this time and couldnt read the Bible. This church stands between the time periods of the Late Gothic and Early Renaissance. Sacred architecture of this time reflected the needs of pilgrimage. Additionally, these archways create a semi-circular effect around the western front, which doubles as a porch on the top section met by the tips of five triangular points above the archways. These achieve great popular success, reigniting interest in vampire tales and introducing Gothic to a new audience. October 2002. Firstly, the role of these churches, and cathedrals, was didactic. This graph charts the use of the word Gothic in English and American literature from 1760 to 2010, with peak usage of the term in 1858! The Notre Dame is another example of Gothic architecture with its flying buttresses, rib vaulting, and rose windows so characteristic of this style. The main intention was to allow more light in, which can primarily be seen in Gothic architecture. The metalwork of precious arts and the enamels develop together with the cult of relics, but many early models such as the statue of Saint-Foy contained spolia. The International style within the Gothic era occurred during the later years of the Gothic period and the start of the Renaissance period. The novel, which has been retrospectively classed as Male Gothic', features the genres typical themes of a lone male, exiled and an outsider. Five major sociopolitical developments set the Gothic era apart from the Romanesque and Early Middle Ages. It is a wide-ranging genre which includes Frankenstein, Dracula and Wuthering Heights. Gothic art as a whole, including painting, architecture, sculpture, and various other decorative minor arts, started in the north of France during the 12th Century CE, during what was known as the Medieval Ages. Stone. In 1270, he and was canonized as a saint in 1297, by Pope Boniface VIII. We see this evident in the vast expanse of rose windows bejewelling the interior. What exactly were these differences? Medieval History for Kids in a Nutshell. The Early Gothic style started when Abbot Suger rebuilt the Basilica of Saint-Denis around the years 1135 to 1144 CE. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. The emphasis on bringing more light into the building also served spiritual purposes as Abbot Suger believed that light was a symbol of the divine. The three segments of elevation are united by a compound pier, or a pier with a group of columns bundled together. Lord Byrons competition produces another Gothic classic: Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus. The rounded stone barrel vault, the interior supports and exterior buttresses (walls used to reinforce the facades that support the vault) were often massive. During this period Giotto may also have done the "Crucifix"in Santa Maria Novella and the "Madonna" in San Giorgio e Massimiliano dello Spirito Santo (both in Florence). The primary reason as to why Abbot Suger started to rebuild the (then Romanesque) basilica was because of space constraints. Art Movements Timeline A quick guide to art history chronology. Revelation 14:19 And the angel thrust in his sharp sickle into the earth, and gathered the vineyard of the earth, and cast it into the great press of the wrath of God.. What Are the Origins of the Term Gothic? From the beginning, this indicated to Christians that this was part of Gods plan. His artworks were unique and featured more elements of humanism portrayed in his subject matter. The hieratic images of the Romanesque period, which emphasize Mary's regal aspect, gave way in the Gothic age to more tender representations (1999.208; 1979.402) emphasizing the relationship between mother and child. This style included various media like Gothic painting, sculpture, tapestries, and illuminated manuscripts. Learning Objective: Gothic illuminated manuscript, Text and image Mathematics grew in interest as it was believed God created the world according to perfect measurements. c. 600 CE - c. 900 CE Beowulf composed in Britain, possibly in East Anglia. In other words, they were there to teach the public about Christianity. The term Romanesque describes the architecture of the 11th and 12th centuries because it reflects certain Roman techniques. Gothic architecture was distinctly different than the preceding architectural style of the Romanesque period. This comprehensive Late Middle Ages Timeline of the Medieval period details the major events significant to the lives and events of famous people who lived during this era. In 409, when the Roman Empire started falling apart, Gothic tribes invaded the peninsula and established their kingdom in 419. European Gothic Architecture, France, England, 1100s-1500s, Gothic Church, http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jrdKQnk7dr0/TYpx4xEtsRI/AAAAAAAAIzw/xORzqnSXkgc/s1600/Saint%2BDenis%252C%2Bwest%2Bfront.jpg, http://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/Images/arth212images/gothic/st_denis/architecture/chevet1.jpg, http://www.travel-in-paris.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Notre-Dame-in-Paris.jpg, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Notre_Dame_de_Chartres.jpg, http://img.mota.ru/upload/wallpapers/2009/07/16/12/04/15912/towns_510-1600x900.jpg, http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/Images/arth212images/gothic/st_denis/architecture/nave_to_east.jpg, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Amiens_Cathedral_from_S-E.jpg, Created with #1 Rated Timeline Maker Software. As such, the book of revelations became very popular. These works may be possibly identifiable with works mentioned in very early . It's a genre that places strong emphasis on intense emotion, pairing terror with pleasure, death with romance. Two styles of religious architecture dominated the landscape: Romanesque and Gothic art. The head are lined up together, but the bodies have different lengths with feet dangling down. Historians say it was likely there was once a Druid temple here. Started by Guido da Siena and Coppo di Marcovaldo, it consisted mainly of Christian Art with other influences from the Romanesque style of paintings or murals. There were distinguishing stylistic differences and the contrast created from Gothic architecture left a considerable mark on the art world. Gothic art emerged because of the universities in Paris that were intellectual centers, along with an increasing wealth in the city which led to new patronage. Male-female relationships When we talk about the word Gothic, different images might spring to mind, and perhaps these images tend to be more towards the darker side of things. Although the historic parameters of the classic Gothic novel in this introductory overview are set between 1764 and 1824, it is unarguable that the Gothic remained a popular and significant presence well into and beyond theVictorian period. The church retains its cross-basilica plan shape. It will progress into the shape of a Latin cross . 1350 CE . A literary success in the Victorian era, the tale has lived on and (like Frankenstein and Dracula) its characters have transcended the original text to become a modern myth. Emily Bronte transports Gothic to the wild and dangerous Yorkshire moors. Religious structures Societal Structure Universities Philosophy Monarchy Religious Structures Europe. The rib vaulting also stood on thinner columns, which further added to the verticality of the whole interior. The interior of the Basilica of Saint-Denis;Ed Ogle, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons. It also describes the end times. A Romanesque Church constructed 1145 1155. However, the novel in which a creature created from disparate body parts is brought to life is often considered to be the first in the science fiction genre. The Black Death (1348) was interpreted as a punishment from God. The early period outfits had simpler cuts and looked sophisticated and graceful. This style has traveled many centuries to reach us today, shaped by a history full of rich encounters, stone structures, rising pinnacles and piers, and rose-shaped windows. The picture above shows the apse of the low chapel which served with the parish worship. War. Some of the characteristic features that mark this style are the decorative designs, mainly curves in the shape of a fluid-like S. The dedication page is separated into frames and portrays Blanche and Louis on elaborate thrones with oversized heads, emphasizing their importance. To reconcile the two, theologians applied logic to faith and developed a system of reasoned analysis. tl_categories_checked(); Chartres Cathedral, West Front;Cornell University Library, No restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons. The monk is instructing the scribe in a similar fashion to Blanche and Louis. However, the church still has the notable flying buttresses and the characteristic three-story verticality we see in the Gothic era. You probably associate Gothic with the color black and a particular kind of fashion aesthetic. Renaissance. The term and its . By creating a periods in history timeline, you and your pupils will be able to clearly see the progression from era to era over time in one concise summary. These are the 13 main literary periods and movements. Christ, with his cruciform, cross-shaped halo, pours the grapes from the basket on his back into the winepress. The Sainte-Chapelle, dedicated on April 26, 1248, was built by Saint Louis to accommodate the relics of the crucifixion. Cathedrals also had specific layouts, for example, the front entrances would be west-facing with a cruciform layout plan, which was in the shape of a cross. The vampire is a complicated creature: caught between life and death, at once alluring and horrifying. By 1200, Gothic style in architecture was seen in cathedrals like the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis in France characterized by huge stained-glass windows and pointed vaults and arches. Created by: becky.65 Created on: 03-04-18 12:14 English Literature Dracula The Bloody Chamber Frankenstein Turn of the Screw The Gothic Stained-glass windows developed and enlarged. This is a common depiction and association with the patron saint due to the tale of him walking and preaching holding his own head. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Cathedrals were central fixtures in urban life: Although European society remained largely rural, cities and towns became increasingly prominent.

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