which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychologywhich of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology

which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology11 Mar which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology

Want to cite, share, or modify this book? We are constantly bombarded with sensory information. Divergent thinking is especially difficult to teach to: c. Australian children. He is most likely receiving _____ parenting. Preparing for the dinner party in this way is an example of d. verbal/linguistic intelligence. B. inner motivation a. is an innate human ability to understand and produce language. The working memory files hold a limited amount of information. c. 30. It also covers how psychologists compare this approach to other ways to solve problems. According to Sternberg's theory, ____________ intelligence is measured in academic achievement tests. Gardner would say that an astronaut is high in: An algorithm is a step-by-step method to solve a problem When an algorithm is part of a computer program, the process included in the algorithm is automated When an algorithm is used in a computer program, it allows the computer to perform a repetitive task Because texting and driving has become a dangerous epidemic in recent years, psychologists are looking at ways to help people interrupt the phone schema while driving. "think outside the box" in order to succeed in college. Marjorie took a personality test in April. C. gender biased. Sternberg's triarchic theory/Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Formal concepts [P3] P3 Abstracting 5.2.1A 5.2.1B 5.2.1C 6. A heuristic is a mental shortcut that allows people to quickly make judgments and solve problems. D. Algorithms lead to different answers to a given problem. According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to young children's. Arrows then branch off from each step to point to possible directions that you may take to solve the problem. This book uses the Next count backwards from 40 by fours, then check yourself to see how well you recalled the sentences this time. A. speed and efficiency a. Emotion and memory are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors. Confirmation bias B. It refers to reasoning from a general principle that individuals know to be true to a specific instance. B. top-down reasoning. We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. These emotional relationships cannot be reported or recalled but can be associated with different stimuli. a. concepts preceded and aided the development of language. C. Vocabulary usually decreases below 50 words per day when children are between ages 9 and 11. Dan, who often travels in airplanes, experiences sudden fear of flying after he hears the news about an airplane crash. In what order should you run your errands? a. Psychoanalysts B. the scores are distributed across all points evenly. Implicit procedural memory is often studied using observable behaviors (Adams, 1957; Lacey & Smith, 1954; Lazarus & McCleary, 1951). Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. D. prototyping. C. the child's IQ is deteriorating. C. They strive to evaluate their work subjectively. Could semantic encoding be beneficial to you as you attempt to memorize the concepts in this chapter? B. c. 30 A. using heuristics. Interestingly, event schemata can vary widely among different cultures and countries. Imagine that you are driving home from work or school. b. D. Concepts/problem solving, In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because many real-life problems c. a memory of a favorite childhood book. The notes were sour because the seams split. During proactive interference, previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information. When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on recognition to help you choose the correct answer. To see how visual encoding works, read over this list of words: car, level, dog, truth, book, value. Creative intelligence is related to: D. Concepts complicate the memory process. When solving a problem, if a person is hesitant or unable to think beyond solutions that have worked in the past, he or she is stuck in: (b) Based on the correlation matrix, is collinearity a problem? Heuristics could also be called: There are two types of long-term memory: explicit and implicit (Figure 8.6). The third form of retrieval is relearning, and its just what it sounds like. Participants remembered about 80% of the trigrams after a 3-second delay, but only 10% after a delay of 18 seconds, which caused them to conclude that short-term memory decayed in 18 seconds. answer choices. Carla is a first-semester freshman at State University. ________ is a learning disability characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension, despite normal intelligence. Either way, snow is a natural concept because you can construct an understanding of it through direct observations, experiences with snow, or indirect knowledge (such as from films or books) (Figure 7.3). This event schema involves getting in the car, shutting the door, and buckling your seatbelt before putting the key in the ignition. D. 25. Industrial Psychology: Selecting and Evaluating Employees, Organizational Psychology: The Social Dimension of Work, Human Factors Psychology and Workplace Design, Diagnosing and Classifying Psychological Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Mental Health Treatment: Past and Present, Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders: A Special Case, The Sociocultural Model and Therapy Utilization. Algorithms can be used to achieve just about any logical flow, but based on the input, expected output, and complexity of the logic to get from the input to the output, the efficacy of an algorithm can vary. a. morphemes. c. gifted people are more prone to mental illness. Concepts are informed by our semantic memory (you will learn more about semantic memory in a later chapter) and are present in every aspect of our lives; however, one of the easiest places to notice concepts is inside a classroom, where they are discussed explicitly. A. Heritability estimates remain constant over time and across different groups. The 60 words were actually divided into 4 categories of meaning, although the participants did not know this because the words were randomly presented. Dec 19, 2022 OpenStax. Why or why not? A. a. convergent thinking. creating norms, or performance standards, for the test. PRNGs attempt to create numbers that are as random as possible. b. actual tasks involving visual perception. B. A. rethink and redefine his problem. Memory is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time (Figure 8.2). Generally, recall is somewhat better for random numbers than for random letters (Jacobs, 1887) and also often slightly better for information we hear (acoustic encoding) rather than information we see (visual encoding) (Anderson, 1969). The senses serve as the interface between the mind and the external environment, receiving stimuli and translating it into nervous impulses that are transmitted to the brain. Recall is what we most often think about when we talk about memory retrieval: it means you can access information without cues. 70 or below An algorithm is a finite sequence of precise instructions for performing a computation or solving a problem. Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we integrate, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing (for example, Kahneman, 2011). Most likely your early experiences with dogs will shape what you imagine. d. two, You're asked to come up with a new slogan for your school's Psychology Club. It involves bottom-up processing. The process is known as spreading activation (Collins & Loftus, 1975). c. an availability heuristic c. logical/mathematical intelligence. C. fixation predict the class of data. Which of the following is true of the sympathetic nervous system? There are two components of long-term memory: explicit and implicit. c. beet C. all scores are around the average score. Vocabulary reaches an average of about 10,000 words when children are between ages 2 and 3. (credit: Robert Couse-Baker). The process of taking out unnecessary details from problems. However, the activations do not spread in just one direction. a. script. b. A person's knowledge about the world is known as _____ memory. A(n) _____ is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need. c. concepts; language Active rehearsal is a way of attending to information to move it from short-term to long-term memory. Then, you step into the elevator and turn around to face the doors, looking for the correct button to push. B. What Is Industrial and Organizational Psychology? a. means-end analysis. C. analytical A. People often form general rules and concepts based on specific experiences and examples. the process of identifying rare or unexpected items or events in a dataset that do not conform to other items in the dataset O mathematical formulas placed in software that performs an analysis on a dataset o extracts knowledge from data by performing statistical . D. divergent thinking but not in convergent thinking. High-imagery words are encoded both visually and semantically (Paivio, 1986), thus building a stronger memory. -the functions of heart rate, breathing, and digestion -the functions of the reproductive system -sensory functions such as vision and hearing -excretory functions -the functions of heart rate, breathing, and digestion Which of the following is usually a trait of creative thinkers? _________ includes the ability to be self-motivated, to feel what others feel, and to be socially skilled. Its formal written version is called a program, or code. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem solving, in addition to other cognitive processes. The haystack was important because the cloth ripped. A. c. measure what it's supposed to measure. a. smoothie Explain this result, given that the density of steel is much greater than that of water. Participants were given words along with questions about them. Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com.Click to see the original works with their full license. What were you wearing exactly five years ago today? Work through this series of numbers using the recall exercise explained above to determine the longest string of digits that you can store. moment. d. valid. moment is called _______. The monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers that were warm and soft. A. confirmation bias. Research suggests that ________ affect the person's prototype for that category. Your improved bicycle riding was due to learning balancing abilities. D. evaluating solutions, rethinking and redefining problems and solutions over time. There are three types of encoding. A prototype is the best example or representation of a concept. Our brains take the encoded information and place it in storage. TEMA 40 - TERAPIA ANTIVIRAL: MECANISMO DE ACC, Arlene Lacombe, Kathryn Dumper, Rose Spielman, William Jenkins. Simply put, cognition is thinking, and it encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. c. Algorithms pseudorandom number generator (PRNG), is an algorithm for creating a sequence of numbers whose properties approximate those of a random number. words merely reflect rather than cause the way we think. Now its back on your desktop, and you can work with it again. Fragile X syndrome According to the biases and heuristics in decision making, it can be concluded that Hillary mirrors ________ in this scenario. nondeclarative (implicit) memory. B. followed the fixation technique to solve the problem. C. Concepts are independent of experiences and objects. The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood. a. Chomsky Whitney took Spanish in high school, but after high school she did not have the opportunity to speak Spanish. Q. Which of the following is true of creative thinkers? According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following types of vocations would most likely require bodily kinesthetic intelligence? Algorithms consist of a combination of sequences, selections, and/or . Recalling the last time you studied for a test is another example of automatic processing. a. almost the opposite of In which subsystem of long-term memory is your knowledge of how to drive a car and how to ride a bike stored? For example, this type of active rehearsal is the way many children learn their ABCs by singing the alphabet song. d. Concepts, Derrick was given a test where he had to identify morphemes. D. algorithmic, According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, ________ intelligence predominantly involves the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine. Psychologists would most likely consider Malcom to be most scores are around the average score. Instead, your best option would be to use a route that you know has worked well in the past. d. communicate with one another; represent their own mental activity, Communicate with one another; represent their own mental activity. b. use language C. the representativeness heuristic C. Working backward in establishing subgoals should be typically avoided. B. concept She carefully follows her mother's recipe to ensure that the dish turns out correctly. A. convergent thinking. d. trial and error. Understanding the difference between explicit memory and implicit memory is important because aging, particular types of brain trauma, and certain disorders can impact explicit and implicit memory in different ways. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Read the following sentences (Bransford & McCarrell, 1974), then look away and count backwards from 30 by threes to zero, and then try to write down the sentences (no peeking back at this page!). This way, when you try to remember the phone number of your new prospective friend, you will easily remember the area code. ________ form as the result of people's experiences with concepts in the real world. identify a true statement about heuristics. In this instance, the doctor would instead rely on their expertise and past experiences to very quickly choose what they feel is the right treatment approach. d. males. c. what a person knows about a particular type of object does a. the same ability. To make this process more complex, the brain does not gather information from external environments only. Importantly for memory, activating any part of a semantic network also activates the concepts linked to that part to a lesser degree. Multiple Choice Q17 _____ psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes,including thinking,language,memory,problem solving,knowing,reasoning,and judging. 110-120. Automatic processing is usually done without any conscious awareness. Creative Commons Attribution License c. means-end analysis. Which of the following is true about overlapping subproblems? predict the behavior of a specific individual? (a) Generate a correlation matrix for your predictors. The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as retrieval. B. Choose all that apply. syntactically correct but semantically incorrect. Development is the product of nature, nurture, and the complex interaction of the two. _____ are mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics. 9 to 11 A square always has four equal sides and four right angles. The different files stored in the file cabinet are called concepts. Industrial Psychology: Selecting and Evaluating Employees, Organizational Psychology: The Social Dimension of Work, Human Factors Psychology and Workplace Design, Diagnosing and Classifying Psychological Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Mental Health Treatment: Past and Present, Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders: A Special Case, The Sociocultural Model and Therapy Utilization. citation tool such as, Authors: Rose M. Spielman, William J. Jenkins, Marilyn D. Lovett. d. the better that person is at breaking a problem down into component parts for problem solving. a. visual/spatial intelligence. A. creativity. An event schema, also known as a cognitive script, is a set of behaviors that can feel like a routine. That song's effect could be an implicit emotional memory (Yang, Xu, Du, Shi, & Fang, 2011). B. confirmation bias Here is another example. Bertha is using Why is this? a. Dr. Ambrose is administering an intelligence test, and one question asks, "During what month of the year does the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball championship games start?" A. indulge in fixations. c. is a device that aids in language translation for international business. Choose all that apply. The sentence "The bicycle talked the boy into buying a candy bar" is. d. Piaget. Practical intelligence An algorithm is often expressed in the form of a graph, where a square represents each step. D. Heritability is a statistic that provides information about a single individual. Unlike heuristics, algorithms are shortcut strategies that suggest a solution to a problem. What could have affected Genie's mentally? b. the representative heuristic. Remember the elevator? In their model, storing memories in short-term memory is like opening different files on a computer and adding information. or numbers for which there is no identifiable pattern or sequence. By using an algorithm, accuracy is increased and potential mistakes are minimized. At first thought, nothing comes to mind. b. not important in measuring intelligence. "think outside the box" in order to succeed in college. D. attention bias. Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. This article discusses how algorithms are used as an approach to problem-solving. it involves bottom-up processing It feels almost impossible to walk in and not face the door. It is improved by chunking and rehearsal techniques. divide them into groups of data that are near each other. Round the results to three decimal places. Indicate whether each of the following items would be recorded in the Debit column or Credit column of the spreadsheets statement of cash flows section. Dan, who often travels in airplanes, experiences sudden fear of flying after he hears the news about an airplane crash. Some years ago, psychologists Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving (1975) conducted a series of experiments to find out. 6 Q A stream cipher is a type of algorithm that encrypts a group of bits collectively as blocks. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) proposed a working memory model in which short-term memory has different forms. C. practicing groupthink d. mathematical. B. using algorithms. b. like a photo negative of One cannot really consider long-term memory without thinking about the way it is organized. A triangle always has three angles and three sides. Implicit memory has been studied with cognitive demand tasks, such as performance on artificial grammars (Reber, 1976), word memory (Jacoby, 1983; Jacoby & Witherspoon, 1982), and learning unspoken and unwritten contingencies and rules (Greenspoon, 1955; Giddan & Eriksen, 1959; Krieckhaus & Eriksen, 1960). While you could use an algorithm to map out every possible route and determine which one would be the fastest, that would be a very time-consuming process. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Imagine all of your thoughts as if they were physical entities, swirling rapidly inside your mind. IQ is assumed to be normally distributed with a mean IQ of 100 and a typical standard deviation of about: This is known as effortful processing (Figure 8.3). b. confirmation bias. There are several types of implicit memories, including procedural, priming, and emotional conditioning. The last step in the problem-solving process is _____. A(n) _____ is a physical or biological deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation. Psychology is considered a science and comes from a foundation of chemistry because of its focus on research. The use of artificial concepts to define an idea is crucial to communicating with others and engaging in complex thought. Which of the following statements is true of the adolescent brain? Margaret will have difficulty with emotional memories. In order to prepare herself, she enrolls in a Spanish course at the local community center. b. confirmation bias. d. confirmation bias. So without thinking, you reach for your phone, which could be in your pocket, in your bag, or on the passenger seat of the car. The ultimate goal of problem-solving is to overcome obstacles and find a solution that best resolves the issue. Because you can recall images (mental pictures) more easily than words alone. C. subgoaling. The type of short-term memory (or computer file) depends on the type of information received. When this happens, your brain automatically activates the firefighter schema and begins making assumptions that this person is brave, selfless, and community-oriented. When an individual studies specifically to avoid his or her parent's disapproval, then the individual's attitude toward studying is most likely a result of, When individuals engage in a behavior because they enjoy it, they. However, heuristics are really more of a rule-of-thumb; they don't always guarantee a correct solution. C. mental set B. rethinking and redefining problems and solutions over time Lets quickly test your autobiographical memory. You may find yourself asking, How much information can our memory handle at once? To explore the capacity and duration of your short-term memory, have a partner read the strings of random numbers (Figure 8.5) out loud to you, beginning each string by saying, Ready? and ending each by saying, Recall, at which point you should try to write down the string of numbers from memory. b. They take a step-by-step approach to performing a task. B. Unless the knowledge in short term memory is retained by repetition or other such techniques, it has a very small capacity (7 items +/- 2) and a short period (max 30 seconds). In this case, Carla should B. Algorithms are faster than heuristics. They are used to evaluate the solutions. A. the child's IQ is average. A. D. unreliable. d. means-end analysis. You know what it looks like, smells like, tastes like, and feels like. Long-term memory (LTM) is the continuous storage of information. You likely thought about staying upright in the beginning, but now you just do it. d. music notes on a keyboard. He has skipped three grades and is a straight A student with superior verbal and mathematical talent. c. actual tasks involving cognition. Identify the Reasons People Automate a Process, Exploring a Problem and Communicating a Solut, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, Charles E. Leiserson, Clifford Stein, Ronald L. Rivest, Thomas H. Cormen, Service Management: Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology. An algorithm is often expressed in the form of a graph, where a square represents each step. b. insight. They also sometimes focus on how we organize thoughts and information gathered from our environments into meaningful categories of thought, which will be discussed later. These are concrete, high-imagery words. C. used an algorithm to solve her packing problem. grove hill medical center new britain, ct; . Upon waking each morning, you begin thinkingcontemplating the tasks that you must complete that day. D. all scores are below average. C. merely frame the problem in a vague way. A. Trace Swedens transition from socialism to capitalism. b. scientific characteristics do According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, the first 18 months of life are devoted to mastering which developmental task? Which of the following is true with regard to development? transformers: power of the primes swoop; mountaingate country club celebrity members; portmore st catherine jamaica; death note boyfriend scenarios when you cuddle In short, you know snow. In the course of prenatal development, by the end of the _____ period, the heart begins to beat, the arms and legs become more differentiated, the face starts to form, and the intestinal tract appears in human beings. Cooper's life. In this case, Claudia is using a(n) According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met first? Very few people can recall events in this way; right now, fewer than 20 have been identified as having this ability, and only a few have been studied (Parker, Cahill & McGaugh 2006). This type of reasoning is known as. Thus, algorithmic problem solving actually comes in two phases: derivation of an algorithm that solves the problem, and conversion of the algorithm into code. A child with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 12 has an IQ of d. an image of the instructor. Which of the following is a true statement regarding algorithms? When comparing algorithms and heuristics, what is the advantage of using heuristics for solving real-life problems? In psychology, algorithms are frequently contrasted with heuristics. d. severe depression. Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory storage capacity is believed to be unlimited. If, however, youve lived your whole life on the island of Saint Vincent in the Caribbean, you may never have actually seen snow, much less tasted, smelled, or touched it. Their model of human memory (Figure 8.4), called Atkinson and Shiffrin's model, is based on the belief that we process memories in the same way that a computer processes information. When you read the words car, dog, and book you created images of these things in your mind. D. deductive reasoning. Mathematical formulas, like the equation for area (length width) are artificial concepts defined by specific sets of characteristics that are always the same. They will always result in a correct solution, if there is a correct solution to be found. The highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs is. _____ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance. _______ believed that concepts become the "pegs" from which words are "hung." Craik and Lockhart (1972) proposed the levels of processing hypothesis that states the deeper you think about something, the better you remember it.

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