sample element card with electron configuration11 Mar sample element card with electron configuration
There are only 2 possible values of a spin quantum number are + or - ( meaning 'spin up' and 'spin down'). Write the electron configuration of an atom using the Aufbau Principle. The first period starts with the filling of valence electrons in 1s orbital, which can accommodate only two electrons. Cadmium atom electron configuration (Bohr model) The atomic number of cadmium is 48. sample element card with electron configuration. And these spins of the electrons are also denoted by upward and downward arrows . Helps in describing the valence of a particular element. So, it can bond to central atom using double bond. As an example, consider hydrogen. This page titled 5.17: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Ed Vitz, John W. Moore, Justin Shorb, Xavier Prat-Resina, Tim Wendorff, & Adam Hahn. This is the third shell, Add up to eight electrons to the third shell, Draw the last circle around the third shell. ISSN: 2639-1538 (online). Information about your use of this website will be shared with Google and other third parties. Since it is the outermost (valence) electrons which are primarily involved in chemical interactions between atoms, the last electron added to an atom in the building-up process is of far more interest to a chemist than the first. Although the 3d electron clouds do not extend farther from the nucleus than 3s and 3p (and hence do not constitute another shell as the 4s electrons do), they are thoroughly shielded from the nuclear charge and thus often act as valence electrons. What are shells in an electronic configuration? For nitrogen this would be 2.5 or 2,5 and for calcium this would be 2.8.8.2 or 2,8,8,2. As a general rule, in the case of the representative elements, the distinguishing electron will be in an ns or np subshell. The 4s orbital thus starts to fill up, beginning the fourth period before any of the 3d orbitals can become occupied. For ex: The three dimensional axis of a nucleus of atom denoted by X, Y, and Z axis in three dimensional space. Electronegativity - yes. Excited State: The highest possible energy levels among all the atomic orbitals around the nucleusrefers to excited state. 2) In case of anion molecule, add the extra electrons around the element while drawing dot diagram. (Choose two.) Find answers to questions asked by students like you. Accordingly, the s, p, d, and f subshells can have a maximum of 2, 6, 10, and 14 electrons, respectively. 3. The oxygen atom consists of 6 valence electrons and 2 lone pairs. This notation means that hydrogen has 1 electron in its s orbital on the first shell. 5) Then, allot the lone pair of electrons to every single atom of a molecule. Magnetic orbital quantum number, m: It is basically the quantum number assigned to different atomic orbitals present in a subshell. What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle? The arrangement of electrons within the orbitals of an atom is known as the electron configuration. This can be seen in the table found at the top of this page. Unabbreviated Electron Configuration: 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p6, Abbreviated Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d 5s 5p. c) Si. The electrons in an atom have a particle property; it spins on its own axis at a particular speed. According to Pauli Exclusion Principle, two or more electrons of a single atom cannot occupy the same quantum state and possess the same quantum values. The values remains between zero and n-1 while depending on the values of principal quantum number. answer choices. For example: If the principal quantum number is n=1, then it confirms that the electron is positioning closer to the nucleus. Valence electrons and ionic compounds. info@gurukoolhub.com +1-408-834-0167 Every shall has a fixed number of subshells/sublevels. The number of the period of the periodic table tells us which shell (energy level) is being filled. Consider Bromine element located in the Group VII, Period 4 of the periodic table. Although the 4s electron cloud lies farther from the nucleus on average than does the 3d cloud, a small portion of the 4s electron density is found very close to the nucleus where it is hardly shielded from the total nuclear charge of +23. The quantum number depends upon the principle quantum number which is denoted as n. Thus, when there are 4 shells I.e. The leftmost peak represents the two electrons in the filled 1s subshell. Basically, quantum numbers represent number values in the quantum system in the form of four quantum numbers. Quiz. Have the students place the markers (bingo chips, etc) on the map in numerical order to show students how electrons are configured. Electronic configuration of an atom can thus be defined as the precise distribution of electrons which are negatively charged in the atom and this distribution helps us understand the reasons behind the chemical reactions of an atom and also its corresponding molecules. Electronic configuration is defined as the distribution of electrons into the orbitals of an atom. 4) Thats it! In general, electrons will completely fill lower-level orbitals in lower level orbitals first before moving on to higher orbitals. Moreover, the chart also describes how electrons are arranged within energy. Atomic electron configurations follow a standard nomenclature in which all electron-containing atomic subshells are arranged in a sequence (with the number of electrons they possess indicated in superscript). The solution to the Schrodinger wave equation for a system gives us the quantized energy states which an electron can occupy and is characterized by a set of three quantum numbers: Principal quantum number, n: It can be visualized to be the quantum number assigned to the shells or orbits in which the electrons lie and this is similar to the orbit/shell that was discussed by Bohr in his atomic model. Follow the Aufbau rule and write the full electron configuration. When an atom such as V (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) ) interacts with another atom, it is the 4s electrons extending farthest from the nucleus which first contact the other atom. The 3d electrons are buried under the surfaces of the atoms of the transition metals. The Shorthand electron configuration (or Noble gas configuration) as well as Full electron configuration is also mentioned in the table. How to write electronic configuration: 3 sets of rules govern the writing of electronic configuration. The computer will give you an element and, depending on the selections you make below, you will have to supply the element's chemical name, chemical symbol or atomic number. It also states that every orbital in a subshell must be occupied by electrons before the next electron is filled in the orbit. If any atom does not have octet configuration, then you need to fulfil the octet valence of every individual atom. Each neutral atom has a fixed number of electrons which equals the number of protons present and is called the atomic number. Well, the other basic information about these energy levels include: The atomic orbitals that are close to the nucleus of an atom exhibits lower energies while the farther ones exhibits higher energies. Electron Configuration Questions! Remove the chips and repeat for the . the total no. It holds the atomic number 54 and symbol Xe. The 2nd shell has 2 subshells 2s and 2p. So, we can say that every subshell is assigned an Azimuthal quantum number, and for every subshell we have a corresponding symbol in order to designate the subshell. They are played in a sequence. They have opposite spins. Each atomic orbital can just accommodate only 2 electrons that are in opposite spin only. He suggested this was due to electrons moving between energy levels rather than being scattered randomly around the nucleus. 1s refers to the s orbital on the first shell, 3p refers to the p orbital on the 3rd shell, etc. In an atom of copper, 1 electron from the 4s orbital migrates to the 3d orbital, leaving a half-filled 4s orbital. Aufbau Principle. Xenon is a noble gas element that is available in very less amounts on the Earths crust. Sample Question. sample element card with electron configuration. 1.555.555.555 | maryborough to brisbane bus timetable. A student measures the mass of a sample of a metallic element, M. Then the student heats the sample in air, where it completely reacts to form the compound MO. How to Write Electron Configuration 6 examples + Exceptions Chromium & Copper (Chemistry) Socratica 827K subscribers Join Subscribe 287K views 8 years ago Socratica Chemistry Course BUY. And because of these repulsive forces among the likely charged electrons, the electrons scatter in different patterns around the nucleus of an atom. Which is the first element to have 4d electrons in its electron configuration? 6. Each neutral atom has a fixed number of electrons which equals the number of protons present and is called the atomic number. Taken together, the lanthanoids and actinoids are called inner transition elements because the f subshells being filled lie so deep within the remaining electronic structure of their atoms. Ground State: The lowest possible energy levels among all the atomic orbitals around the nucleus possessing electrons refers to ground state. Unabbreviated Electron Configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d2, Abbreviated Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d 5s. S, P, D and F are the four different atomic orbitals located around the nucleus of an atom with different energy levels. Thus the similarities of chemical behavior and valence noted earlier for these elements correlate with the similarities of their outermost electron clouds. What are the elements present in your snack? The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. text explanation. These are named as s, p, d and f subshells. An electron configuration chart gives information about the orbital structure of the elements and how those orbitals are filled with electrons. The maximum number of electrons that can be acclimated by a subshell is allotted by the formula 2*(2l + 1). That is the reason, we observe four different atomic orbitals around the nucleus of an atom. Every neutral atom consists of a fixed number of electrons which is equal to the number of protons and is called the atomic number. For electronic configuration we must know about shells and subshells. Then, write the outer electron configuration of your desired element by succeeding the elements from left to right associated with every column. However, Hunds rule strictly follows the theory of atomic spectra. Let us learn more about the electronic configuration along with some awesome worksheets and orbital diagrams in this article. It indicates the quantum state, energy, and orbital shape and orientation of the electron. Likewise, the p-block is 6 wide because it takes 6 electrons to fill up p orbitals. Similarly, the notation for helium (He) is 1s because helium has 2 electrons in the s orbital of itsfirst shell. Free Printable Science Journal for Kids (25+ Journals for Middle Schoolers), Dancing Ghosts : Halloween Balloon Static Electricity Activity. 1) Choose an element and write its electronic configuration. Obtain the electron configuration for (a) Nb; (b) Pr. However, the electrons are the ones which lie outside the nucleus of the atom and their precise distribution inside an atom play a very important role in governing the chemical reactions that the atom involves in. More important. Electron Configuration Explained In this chart, the numbers (1, 2, 3,) are referred to as the principal quantum number, referred to as n , which corresponds to an electron shell. The protons and neutrons lie inside the nucleus in an atom and have a negligible role in regulating any chemical reactions. The electron configuration can be seen as consisting of the core electrons, which is equal to the configuration of the most recent noble gas, plus the valence (outer electron) configuration of the element. Each orbital (s, p, d, f) has a number associated with it, called itsazimuthal quantum number,sometimes referred to as. The electrons which do not participate in any type of chemical bonding and do not refer to valence electrons are core electrons. The number of shells shows which period, or row, its in and the number of electrons in the outer shell shows which group its in. Following the element actinium (Ac) is a series of atoms in which the 5f subshell is filling. Period 3: M shell (3 rd energy level) filling. Every atomic orbital has a particular spatial orientation with respect to the standard set of coordinate axes and this differentiates atomic orbitals within a subshell and every atomic orbital in a subshell is designated with a magnetic quantum number. Let's do the next element. Similarly, all elements in group 7 (halogens) can be written as [X]nsnp. Neils Bohr was the first to suggest the idea that electrons orbit the atom in fixed shells, or energy levels, in 1913. Adding up all the superscript numbers gives us 5, and boron has 5 electrons. So, 1st shell, n=1 has 1 subshell i.e. Examine the pattern that arises with the first 10 elements: The electron configuration follows a periodic order, where lower-level shells are filled in before higher-level shells. Shell contains the maximum number of electrons that it can accommodate and is based on the principal quantum number which is written as n. It is given by the formula 2n, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. Welcome to It's Elemental - Element Flash Cards! In atomic theory, the angular quantum number plays an important role since it signifies the magnitude of the shape of atomic orbitals and its impact on chemical bonding of electrons. Based on this information, let us learn about ground and excited state levels and also about the differences between these two states of energy levels. just at $24 a year Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) summarizes the type of subshell in which the distinguishing electron is to be found for atoms of elements in various regions of the periodic table. Then, mention it in square brackets. For example, iodine is a representative element in the fifth period. The unabbreviated electron configuration of Gold is: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s1 while the abbreviated electron configuration of Gold is [Xe] 4f145d106s1, You might have observed that the unabbreviated electron configuration of Gold is long, tedious and takes time to write it completely. Check out these articles with resources on drawing dot and cross diagrams for: Use this step-by-step approach to covalent bonding with your 1416 learners. Your email address will not be published. This infographic is designed to be displayed as a poster in the classroom, although it can also be displayed on a projector or printed as a handout. The electrons are arranged in four subshells namely s,p, d and f. The electron configuration of each atom is represented by following a standard notation. For the oxygen atom, you can see that the outermost shell has 6 electrons, so oxygen has 6 valence electrons. Which of the following properties is not shown by Z? Therefore, we can say that the transcribed description of orbital diagram is nothing but electron configuration. For example, potassium has 19 electrons, Draw a small circle and write the symbol in the centre. Every atomic orbital has a particular spatial orientation with respect to the standard set of coordinate axes and this differentiates atomic orbitals within a subshell and every atomic orbital in a subshell is designated with a magnetic quantum number. Sodium atoms have 11 protons and so 11 electrons: 2 electrons. Procedure: Give each student a different element card. 49. Since the orbital quantum number values is less than the principal quantum numbers, there is no existence of 1p, 2d and 3f atomic orbitals. The third major category of elements arises when the distinguishing electron occupies an f subshell. Along with the protons and electrons, the atom consists of neutrons as well which may or may not be in the same quantity as the number of the protons. It is the very strong attractive force of this small fraction of the total 4s electron density that lowers the energy of the 4s electron below that of the 3d. As a result, even approximately pure samples of most of them were not prepared until the 1870s. Their movement from one energy state to another completely depends on the attractive and repulsive forces between the positive and negative charges. An electron configuration chart is a tabular representation of patterns in theelectron configuration of elements as one goes down the periodic table of elements. 1s. We provide you year-long structured coaching classes for CBSE and ICSE Board & JEE and NEET entrance exam preparation at affordable tuition fees, with an exclusive session for clearing doubts, ensuring that neither you nor the topics remain unattended. Elements for speedy look-up of the properties of each element. Predict the relative reactivity of an atom based on its electron configuration and placement on the periodic table. This number describes the shape of the orbital. Electron Configurations are an organized means of documenting the placement of electrons based upon the energy levels and orbitals groupings of the periodic table. Is this the perfect festive science activity for the last week of term? For example, in some compounds V (vanadium) has a valence of 2 (VO, VCl2) in others it has a valence of 3 (V2O3, VCl3), in still others it has a valence of 4 (VO2, VCl4), and in at least one case (V2O5) it has a valence of 5. Thus in the building-up process for the lanthanoids, electrons are being added to a subshell (4f) whose principal quantum number is two less than that of the outermost orbital (6s). Along with the protons and electrons, the atom consists of neutrons as well which may or may not be in the same quantity as the number of the protons. Selenium has an atomic number of 34, and therefore has 34. Then, since the lithium ion has one less electron, remove an electron from . Whereas orbital diagram is an illustrative representation of location and spin of the electrons within the orbitals in the form of arrows. For example, sodium's electronic configuration is 1s22s2263s1. With reference to the above order of occupation, it is clear that electrons will not occupy the highest energy orbitals until they already filled up the lowest energy orbitals. The other name for ground state is vacuum state. Shell has the maximum number of electrons that it can accommodate and is based on the principal quantum number which is written as n. It can be found by the formula 2n. Electron Configuration describes how the electrons are distributed in an atom's orbitals. So, the order of filling of the electrons goes this way: 1s,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,4f,5d,6p,7s. However, the actual electron configuration of copper is [Ar]4s3d. For Ex: CalciumElectron Dot Configuration of Calcium is: .Ca. Let's look at some examples below to visualize valence electrons. Thus the 4s electrons are often more significant than the 3d in determining valence and the formulas of compounds. Abbreviated electron configuration or Noble gas notation, describes the electronic configuration of elements based on the last column of elements i.e. DETAILS - Comprehensive review of every chemistry topic to appear on the SAT II subject test - Flexible study schedule tailored to your needs - Packed In quantum physics and chemistry, quantum numbers play a major role in denoting the locality and energy values of an electron in its atomic orbital. for the K shell, the value of n is 1. 1s^22s^22p^03s^1 View Answer Use the molecular orbital theory to determine the ground-state electron configuration of F_2 and F_2^{+}. Since the electrons spin, there is the production of magnetic field. Every individual electron is free to spin in either of the two associated ways i.e. Commonly, the electron configuration is used to describe the orbitals of an atom in its ground state, but it can also be used to represent an atom that has ionized into a cation or anion by compensating with the loss of or gain of electrons in their subsequent orbitals. The Pauli Exclusion Principle is that principle which states that only a maximum of two electrons can fit in an orbital. They are: However, one can write the electronic configuration just by understanding the Aufbau principle. The representative elements are those in which the distinguishing electron enter ans or p subshell. Useful for defining the chemical properties of elements that fall under same group in the periodic table. By studying these atomic orbitals, scientists calculate and write the location and energy state of an electron plus its interaction in the atom to create chemical bonding. We have already learnt that each period starts with the element having general outer electronic configuration ns 1 and ends with ns 2, np 6 where n is the period number. The electron configuration of an atom is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6. To find out elements that show similar chemical and physical properties. For example, to find the configuration for the lithium ion (Li), start with neutral lithium (1s2s). In an atom, the protons and the neutrons lie in the nucleus and have almost negligible role in governing any chemical reaction. Transition metals does not have traditional valence electrons. The ground state electron configuration is the most stable one that means it possess stable arrangement of electrons. Electron confi The first examples of transition metals (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) are found in the fourth period even though the distinguishing electron in each case is a 3d electron and belongs to the third shell. Thus, they play a crucial role in determining the important role in carrying out chemical reactions which involve the atom. In the shorthand notation for electron configuration, the number of electrons in each shell can be written rather than drawn. 2022 Science Trends LLC. Our panel of experts willanswer your queries. 3) Trace out the number of electrons present in the outer most shell. 1st shell, there can be only one subshell, and the corresponding value for l=0. For example, in a molecule of methane(CH4), the 1s and 2p orbitals or the carbon atom combine with each of the 4 1s orbitals in each atom of hydrogen to form 4 hybrid orbitals, each denoted sp. Most of the elements whose chemistry and valence we have discussed so far fall into this category. For electronic configuration we must know about shells and subshells. 4) The least possible electronegative atom or ion is placed in the middle of the molecule and connect the atoms using single bonds only. The branch of molecular orbital theory exists to describe the orbital structure of chemical compounds. The electron shells are shown, moving outward from the nucleus. 2. Hosts C. Data centers D. Address groups Answer: A,D. Using our rules for deriving electron configurations (Example 1) we have Thus the similarities of chemical behavior and valence noted earlier for these elements correlate with the similarities of their outermost electron clouds. However, they are basically the orbital angular momentum or subsidiary quantum number. This quantum number is otherwise popular as orbital quantum number. The values of n, shells and total number of electrons are accommodated differently. All Rights Reserved. Q: 3. To put it simply, every individual electron encompasses of four quantum numbers and two electrons must exhibit opposite spins when located in the same orbital. sample element card with electron configuration. Elements in the same group of the periodic table typically have similar electron affinities because they have similar electron configurations. Don't see the answer that you're looking for? d) Y. e) La. And the order of filling of the electrons in these orbitals is done according to the rules stated above. The electron configuration of an element describes how electrons are distributed in its atomic orbitals. Thus, an s orbital can hold a total of two electrons, a p orbital can hold a total of 6 electrons, a d orbital 10 and an f orbital 14. And the three rules that help in generating orbital diagram are Hunds rule, Aufbau principle and Pauli Exclusion Principle. For ex: The transition element belonging to group 5 may consists of two to five valence electrons based on the type of situation it is going through. Drops; Syrups; Tablets; Natural Extracts/MT )%2F05%253A_The_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms%2F5.17%253A_Electron_Configurations_and_the_Periodic_Table, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Electron Configuration, 6: Chemical Bonding - Electron Pairs and Octets, Ed Vitz, John W. Moore, Justin Shorb, Xavier Prat-Resina, Tim Wendorff, & Adam Hahn, Chemical Education Digital Library (ChemEd DL), status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The fact that the 4s electron cloud is more extensive than the 3d has an important influence on the chemistry of the transition elements. Home; About Us. The electronic configuration of an atom can be predicted from its atomic number. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Which of the following elements has the largest number of electrons for which the principal quantum number, n, is 3? The complete electron configuration of Iodine is: Unabbreviated Electron Configuration: 1s2 2s2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d10 5s2 5p5, Abbreviated Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5. Electronic Configuration of Elements In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the distribution of electrons from an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) into atomic or molecular orbitals is the electron configuration. Pauli's Exclusion Principle. If the value of ms is +1/2 for an electron, then that electron is alpha electron while the electron with -1/2 spin value is beta electron. The values = 0, 1, 2, 3 correspond to the orbitals s, p, d, and f, respectively. Similarly, for L shell, the value of n is 2; for M shell, the value of n is 3 and lastly, for N shell, the value of n is 4. Each letter (s, p, d, f) corresponds to a particular orbital (sometimes called subshell). Thats it! 3s, 3p, and 3d and so on. Question 13. Therefore, the noble gas element Xe denotes the completely filled outermost shells and becomes [Xe] 4f145d106s1. So, the role of spin magnetic quantum number is to identify the type of spin an electron is undergoing in its orbital. Electron configurations. For ex: The electronic configuration of Neon is 1s2 2s2 2p6 and for Aluminium it is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1. The first three horizontal rows or periods in the modern periodic table consist entirely of representative elements. As we all already know, electrons bear charge i.e. Atomic mass, electron configuration, density . It can be visualized to be the quantum number assigned to the shells or orbits in which the electrons lie and this is similar to the orbit/shell that was discussed by Bohr in his atomic model. However, there are a handful of exceptions to the Aufbau principle, mostnotable in the d-block transition metals elements. the value of n is 4 then there are 4 different subshells. This allows us to determine which orbitals are occupied by electrons in each atom. Electron configuration diagrams poster (atomic number top) A4 single pages, Electron configuration diagrams poster (atomic number top) A3, Electron configuration diagrams poster (atomic number bottom) A4 single pages, Electron configuration diagrams poster (atomic number bottom) A3, Electron configuration diagrams fact sheet, Get crafty with festive molecular baubles, Everything you need to teach fractional distillation, How to draw ionic bonding dot and cross diagrams, Poster with the atomic number at the top as pdf (, Poster with the atomic number at the bottom as pdf (, Configuration confusion student worksheet as, The maximum number of electrons that can fill each. B 1s22s22p1. Valence electrons and ionic compounds. So, it makes sense that the structure of the periodic table reflects periodic trends in the electron configuration of elements.
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